Document is current

Article History

Received: 26 June 2025

Accepted: 28 October 2025

First Online: 25 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study adhered to research ethics in education and was approved by the Davao Oriental State University (DORSU) University Research Ethics Board. The institutional ethics committee clearance and approval of the process carried out with the participants were undertaken to uphold the social science research ethical standards of confidentiality of the participants, voluntary participation, and procedures for obtaining informed consent.

: All participants provided consent for the publication of anonymized data and quotes. Participants were informed that their responses would be used for research publication purposes, and all identifying information was removed to ensure confidentiality of the data. Specific consent was obtained for the use of direct quotations in the manuscript.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Participants were informed about the nature of the research, their voluntary participation, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Written consent was obtained for the interviews and focus group discussions, while implied consent was obtained for survey participation, following standard ethical protocols for educational research.

: The authors declare no competing interests.