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Authors
Syamsudin, Frendi Ihwan
Saputro, Sulistyo
Sarwanto,
Karyanto, Puguh
Kamari, Azlan
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Article History
Received: 5 July 2025
Accepted: 24 November 2025
First Online: 22 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with applicable ethical guidelines and regulations, and the research protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Sebelas Maret (reference number 4842/UN27.02/PT.01.04/2024). The study also adhered to the institutional guidelines of Universitas Sebelas Maret, specifically the 2020 Ethical Guidelines for Research and Community Service, as well as relevant national regulations, including the Regulation of the Minister of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia No. 20 of 2018 on Academic Integrity and the Ethical Guidelines for Research and Community Service Involving Human Subjects. All participants provided written informed consent to participate in the study after receiving sufficient information about its purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits.
: All participants also provided written consent for the publication of relevant data, including anonymized quotations or non-identifiable personal information.
: Theauthors declare no competing interests.
