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Article History

Received: 5 April 2025

Accepted: 28 November 2025

First Online: 8 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study involved the use of a self-administered questionnaire to collect non-identifiable data from adult participants. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Science and Technology, Northeast Normal University (Approval No. 202502075). The study adhered to the General Ethical Principles of Kenya’s National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI) and complied with the ethical standards of Northeast Normal University. Participation was voluntary, and informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study. Participants received an introductory message outlining the purpose and academic nature of the research, the voluntary basis of their participation, and assurances of anonymity, confidentiality, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequence. No identifying personal data (such as names or contact details) were collected, ensuring complete participant anonymity throughout the study.

: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial support that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.