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Authors
Semerikov, Serhiy O. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0789-0272
Nechypurenko, Pavlo P. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5397-6523
Vakaliuk, Tetiana A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6825-4697
Mintii, Iryna S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3586-4311
Fadieieva, Liliia O. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4906-2539
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Article History
Received: 13 May 2025
Accepted: 28 November 2025
First Online: 6 December 2025
Declarations
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: This research was conducted in accordance with ethical standards for educational data analysis. The study utilized anonymized course data from Kryvyi Rih State Pedagogical University’s Learning Management System. The need for ethical approval and informed consent was waived by the ethics committee of Kryvyi Rih State Pedagogical University on January 26, 2024, due to the retrospective nature of the study involving secondary analysis of anonymized institutional data. No personally identifiable information was included in the dataset, ensuring privacy protection for all students and instructors whose courses were analyzed. All data was processed and stored in compliance with applicable data protection regulations.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
