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Authors
Manlapig, Ernesto F. Jr.
Lawsin, Nikko Lorenz P.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Department of Science and Technology, Republic of the Philippines
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More Information
Article History
Received: 8 August 2025
Accepted: 3 December 2025
First Online: 6 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was reviewed and approved by the De La Salle University Research Ethics Committee (DLSU-REC) on October 7, 2024, under protocol 2024-199C. All procedures involving human participants adhered to the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committees and complied with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was conducted with the informed consent of all adult participants. For subjects under the age of 16, informed consent was procured from their parents or legally authorized representatives.
: Informed consent to publish was obtained from all participants involved in the study, including consent from their parent(s)/legal guardian(s) for participants who were minors. All participants and/or their guardians agreed to the use of any information or materials that could potentially lead to identification in an online open-access publication.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
