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Authors
Oumelaid, Najim
El Boukari, Brahim
El Ghordaf, Jalila
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Article History
Received: 24 May 2025
Accepted: 18 December 2025
First Online: 24 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Sultan Moulay Slimane University (Approval No. LMACS05/2025; 05 May 2025). Written informed consent was obtained from all participating students and their legal guardians before data collection. Participation was voluntary, and students could withdraw at any time without academic penalty. All procedures were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR, EUÂ 2016/679) as implemented in Morocco, and all relevant national regulations on educational research.
: Guardians and participants provided written consent for the publication of de-identified, aggregate results.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
