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Authors
Hilderbrand-Chae, Marla J. https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6316-2048
Li, Yanfen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9465-7147
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Massachusetts Life Sciences Center
University of Massachusetts Lowell Francis College of Engineering
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Article History
Received: 27 August 2025
Accepted: 19 December 2025
First Online: 14 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was reviewed by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at the University of Massachusetts Lowell and was determined the study was not Human Subjects Research (NHSR) as defined by 28 CFR 46 regulations. All efforts were made to ensure the study was conducted in accordance with established ethical standards for human subjects research.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
