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Authors
Sankar, Jayendira P. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8435-2123
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Article History
Received: 14 August 2025
Accepted: 26 December 2025
First Online: 29 December 2025
Declarations
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: for this study was granted retrospectively by the Ethics Committee of the Research Center at the University of Technology, Bahrain (Approval Code: UTB2025CAFSEC004) on May 14, 2025. At the time of data collection (October 2024 to March 2025), the researcher adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the IRB-HSBS informed consent guidelines of the University of Technology, Bahrain, including voluntary participation, transparency, and confidentiality. The retrospective approval was required because the study was initiated as part of a time-sensitive, multi-institutional project that commenced before the formal ethical application process at the University of Technology Bahrain had concluded. Immediately upon recognizing the requirement for formal institutional clearance, the research team submitted a detailed application, including documentation of the informed consent procedures, for review and approval.
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study. Between October 2024 and March 2025, each participant was provided with a written informed consent form at the beginning of the questionnaire. The form, accompanied by a comprehensive participant information sheet, described the study’s purpose, methodology, scope (focusing on adaptive leadership, employee empowerment, organizational culture, and workplace performance), and assurance of voluntary participation. Participants were encouraged to review the information carefully, ask questions, and sign the consent form only if they fully understood and agreed to take part. Although consent was obtained before the formal ethical approval date, all procedures adhered strictly to the University of Technology Bahrain’s IRB-HSBS ethical principles. The ethical approval obtained on May 14, 2025, formally recognized and validated these procedures.
: During the preparation of this work, the author used Grammarly to check the spelling and grammar. After using this tool/service, the author reviewed and edited the content as needed and took full responsibility for the content of the publication.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
