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Article History

Received: 9 February 2025

Accepted: 31 December 2025

First Online: 26 March 2026

Declarations

:

: All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) in Nanyang Technological University Singapore, under the NTU-IRB reference number: IRB-2024-524.

: Informed consent was obtained from all the participants involved in this paper.

: The author is operating in the capacity of an employee at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, and the work is based on his duties as a faculty member at the NTU Language and Communication Centre. The research area of keystrokes analysis has obtained the approval of the Institutional Review Board (IRB), and the writing platform examined in the paper has been approved for collecting data in NTU classes.The author was engaged by an educational technology (EdTech) company, Daedalean Education Pte Ltd, as a consultant to provide feedback for the writing platform (dscrib). The consultancy period lasted from 1 April 2024 to 31 September 2024, and the author was granted permission to use the platform for research purposes. Throughout this duration, the author had no financial interests involved with the project.