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Article History

Received: 18 July 2025

Accepted: 5 January 2026

First Online: 7 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The study involving human participants received ethical approval from the Universitas Negeri Malang’s IRB, with the IRB committee being Dr. Herlin Pujiarti, M.Si. It was performed in accordance with the Universitas Negeri Malang ethical clearance guidelines ( ), which is in line with Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI Program) training modules that are often required for researchers working with human subjects.

: Informed consent was obtained from the participants for the study. As the surveyed individuals’ age is considered to be adulthood in Indonesia, and there is no direct contact with the individuals, neither their parents nor a legal guardian’s permission is required. The invitation was disseminated using WhatsApp groups via the admins of those groups, and the author did not join the groups as a member. Google Forms was set not to gather the respondent’s Google email address, and no personal information that could identify the respondent was asked. The Google Form is tied to the author’s Google account, and no other individual has access to the account, including the Google Form information.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.