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Article History

Received: 22 September 2025

Accepted: 6 January 2026

First Online: 15 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Brawijaya, Approval Number: 29915/UN10.F0201/B/PG/2025. The research was carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the Research Ethics Committee and the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study design involved an anonymous online questionnaire survey with voluntary participation. All participants were adults (aged 18 years and above), and no identifiable personal information was collected. Informed consent was obtained electronically from all participants. At the beginning of the Google Form survey, participants were provided with information about the study’s purpose, the voluntary nature of participation, data confidentiality, and their right to withdraw at any time. Participants indicated their consent by clicking "agree" before proceeding with the questionnaire.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.