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Authors
Plummer, Julia D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4144-7864
Lewis, Hannah K. https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0504-9740
Cho, Kyungjin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6060-8390
Gil, Minyoung https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5706-1259
Ricketts, Amy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4068-8255
Nolan, Katie
Ruffner, Madison Botch
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation, United States (#DRL-1217441)
National Science Foundation, United States (#DGE-2040435)
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Article History
Received: 15 July 2025
Accepted: 13 January 2026
First Online: 24 January 2026
Declarations
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: The study has been approved by the Institutional Review Board at The Pennsylvania State University in accordance with the requirements of the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Protection of Human Subjects regulations, 45 CFR part 46 (IRB Numbers: #43934, #13022, and #17641).
: Written informed consent to publish was obtained from all participants or, if participants were under 18, from a parent and/or legal guardian.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
