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Article History

Received: 16 July 2025

Accepted: 19 January 2026

First Online: 3 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards for research involving human subjects. The research protocol received formal ethical clearance and approval from the Institutional Review Committee of Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria, prior to the commencement of data collection. The study adhered to established procedures for data handling and confidentiality, ensuring that all collected information was anonymized and utilized strictly for the academic purposes outlined in the approved research protocol.

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any identifiable form.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants (students and instructors) included in the study. Prior to accessing the survey instrument, participants were presented with a digital briefing that detailed the study's objectives, the voluntary nature of their involvement, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Consent was documented through the participants' voluntary progression to the survey questions following this introductory statement. No personally identifiable information was collected, ensuring that consent was provided on the basis of complete anonymity.

: The authors declare no competing interests.