Basuki, Imam Agus
Suyitno, Imam
Prastio, Bambang
Maulidina, Ahsani
Setiawan, M. Eval
Arifa’illah Syaiful Huda, Imam
Article History
Received: 27 August 2025
Accepted: 21 January 2026
First Online: 10 February 2026
Declarations
:
: The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Universitas Negeri Malang ( ). Ethical approval for this research involving human participants was granted by the Ethics Committee of Universitas Negeri Malang, East Java, Indonesia, on February 13, 2025 (Approval No. 13.2.6/UN32.14/PB/2025). The committee reviewed the research procedures and confirmed that all activities complied with applicable ethical standards and regulations.All participants provided informed consent prior to their participation in the study. Data collection was carried out with full transparency regarding the objectives of the research and the intended use of the data.
: Informed consent to publish was obtained from all participants. Participants were fully aware that the results of this research would be published in an online open-access format and consented to the publication of the findings.
: The authors declare no competing interests.