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Article History

Received: 22 September 2025

Accepted: 21 January 2026

First Online: 8 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The researchers followed ethical protocols throughout the study in accordance with the principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki . Ethical approval for the study was granted by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, following the ethical guidelines and regulations established by the university. Additional permission to conduct the study was obtained from the Directorate of Research and Community Service (Direktorat Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat – DPPM) Kemdiktisaintek as the funding body.

: All participants provided written consent for the publication of data and findings from this study without revealing their identities. They were informed that the results of the study would be published while maintaining full confidentiality.

: Before the study began, participants were informed about the study’s aims and procedures, their right to withdraw at any time without consequences, as well as the measures taken to ensure confidentiality and anonymity. Participation in the study was entirely voluntary and written informed consent to participate was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. To protect participants’ privacy, pseudonymous identity codes (e.g., P1–P21) were used instead of real names, ensuring anonymity and confidentiality of all responses. No participants were under 18 years of age.

: The authors declare no competing interests.