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Article History

Received: 1 May 2025

Accepted: 22 January 2026

First Online: 11 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the University of Nottingham Malaysia Research Ethics Committee, Application ID MOMA191222. Authors confirm that all methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with institutional ethical standards and relevant international guidelines, including the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments, where applicable. Informed consent was obtained from all participants or, in the case of students, from their parents or guardians, following ethical approval by the researcher’s Institutional Review Board.

: Participants were informed about the study’s purpose and voluntarily agreed that their anonymized data may be used in academic publications. No identifiable information is included.

: The results presented here have not been previously published and are not under consideration elsewhere.

: The authors declare no competing interests.