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Article History

Received: 21 January 2025

Accepted: 23 January 2026

First Online: 25 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The study protocol was approved by Wenzhou University in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration or similar ethical guidelines. All procedures involving human participants in this study were conducted in accordance with the guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The study adhered to both institutional and national ethical standards. Ethical approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of X Institution (Approval No. WZU20230326) on March 26, 2023. For more information on the Ethical Approval committee and approval No.WZU20230326, please refer to the manuscript. Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study. The study utilized the face-to-face after-school time to administer the writing activities of Chinese students and and Sudanese students. Informed consent to participate was obtained before their writing. In this consent, the participants received clear information about the purpose and procedure of the study, the voluntary nature of their participation, their right to withdraw at any time without negative consequences, the confidentiality of their data, the use of data solely for research purposes, and the protection of their privacy and personal information. Participants indicated their informed consent by sitting in the writing activities voluntarily.

: All authors consent to the publication of this manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.