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Authors
Sultan,
Rapi, Muhammad
Saleh, Muhammad
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Directorate of Research, Technology, and Community Service, Directorate General of Higher Education, Culture, Research, and Technology (contract number: 065/E5/PG.02.00.PL/2024)
the Directorate of Research, Technology, and Community Service, Directorate General of Higher Education, Culture, Research, and Technology (contract number: 065/E5/PG.02.00.PL/2024)
the Directorate of Research, Technology, and Community Service, Directorate General of Higher Education, Culture, Research, and Technology (contract number: 065/E5/PG.02.00.PL/2024)
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Article History
Received: 22 October 2025
Accepted: 24 January 2026
First Online: 29 January 2026
Declarations
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: The procedures of this study were conducted in accordance with ethical research standards that respect participants as human subjects. Ethical approval for the conduct of this study was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Research and Community Service Institute, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia. Before completing the survey, all participants were informed about the purpose and nature of the study. Participation was entirely voluntary, and respondents had the option to decline involvement. Participants provided informed consent after receiving sufficient information about the study. Anonymity and confidentiality were strictly maintained throughout the research process, and no identifying information of individual participants was included.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
