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Authors
Suzuki, Teppei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1030-2788
Morita, Noriteru https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3427-7174
Okuda, Tomoyasu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Science and Technology Agency (JPJ012347)
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Article History
Received: 21 April 2025
Accepted: 5 February 2026
First Online: 21 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study utilized anonymized data provided by the Sapporo City Board of Education with official permission. The data contained no personally identifiable information. According to the guidelines of research ethics, the use of fully anonymized datasets does not require individual participant consent or institutional ethical review
: All authors consent to the publication of this manuscript.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
