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Article History

Received: 25 September 2025

Accepted: 6 February 2026

First Online: 16 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The present study was reviewed and approved by the Department of Electrical and Mechanical Technology at National Changhua University of Education. As this research pertains to the evaluation of instructional assessments, techniques, and pedagogical effectiveness within general educational settings, it satisfies the criteria for exemption from institutional review board oversight, as stipulated by the Ministry of Health and Welfare (Directive No. 1010265079, issued July 5, 2012). Accordingly, formal IRB approval was not required. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in strict accordance with the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (American Psychological Association, 2017), the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association, 1964), and its subsequent amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: As this study contains no personally identifiable information or images, the requirement for informed consent for publication was deemed not applicable. Nonetheless, all participants were explicitly informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any stage without prejudice.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants prior to their involvement in the study. Participants were fully briefed regarding the research objectives, data utilization protocols, their right to withdraw at any stage without prejudice or penalty, and the details of the compensation provided. Furthermore, this study involved no vulnerable populations.

: The authors declare no competing interests.