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Article History

Received: 26 September 2025

Accepted: 6 February 2026

First Online: 12 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The need for ethical approval for this study was not required under Indonesian national research ethics regulations, as the research involved only voluntary participation through interviews and document analysis, without any intervention or collection of sensitive personal data. The research was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and followed the national research ethics guidelines issued by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of Indonesia. All participants provided informed consent prior to participation. They were fully informed about the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. Participation was entirely voluntary. No participants under the age of 16 were involved in this study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.