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Article History

Received: 17 November 2025

Accepted: 10 February 2026

First Online: 1 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study involved human participants through an anonymous and voluntary online survey. The corresponding author is affiliated with Politeknik Pengadaan Nasional (Polteknas), Pekanbaru, an institution that does not operate a formal Research Ethics Committee. In accordance with Indonesian national research guidelines for minimal-risk, non-clinical human subjects research, formal ethical approval is not required when no identifiable or sensitive personal data are collected.

: No identifiable personal data were collected, and therefore specific consent to publish is not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Therefore, this study was conducted under a waiver of ethical approval, consistent with national regulations and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were informed about the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of participation, and the confidentiality of their responses. Completion of the online questionnaire constituted informed consent to participate in the study.