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Article History

Received: 15 April 2025

Accepted: 11 February 2026

First Online: 15 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Institut Sains dan Teknologi Terpadu Surabaya. Prior to data collection, all participants were provided with a detailed explanation of the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. Their voluntary participation and right to withdraw at any time were ensured. Informed consent was obtained from all students, with the completion and submission of the questionnaire serving as an explicit indication of their consent to participate. All collected data were anonymized to protect participant identities, and confidentiality was maintained throughout the study and in subsequent reporting.

: The authors declare no competing interests.