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Authors
Linh, Nguyen Quang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3369-358X
Hang, Nguyen Thi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7254-968X
Hieu, Tran Quang https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5618-6517
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Article History
Received: 20 August 2025
Accepted: 16 February 2026
First Online: 19 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study involved human participants (220 8th-grade students). All research procedures were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Thai Nguyen University of Education and were performed in accordance with the ethical standards for research on human subjects and with the principles of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Written informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from the legal guardians/next of kin of all student participants. Furthermore, written assent was obtained from all student participants themselves prior to their involvement in the research activities. They were fully informed about the research purpose, procedures, their privacy rights, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty.
: All participants and their legal guardians provided consent for their anonymized data to be used in publications resulting from this research.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
