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Article History

Received: 25 December 2025

Accepted: 19 February 2026

First Online: 24 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The research involving human participants was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Hanoi National University of Education, Vietnam, in accordance with Decision No. 3077/QD-DHSPHN dated August 15, 2024. All procedures performed in this study were conducted in compliance with the ethical standards stipulated by the Institutional Review Board and the provisions of Decision No. 3077 and its subsequent amendments. All research procedures were carried out in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (1975, revised 2024). The study employed a non-interventional, cross-sectional survey design and was conducted for non-commercial purposes, involving PS aged 18 years and older. Participation was entirely voluntary, and freely given, informed consent to participate was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. All data were collected anonymously to ensure the confidentiality and privacy of the participants.

: Informed consent to publish was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participants were fully informed about the purpose of the study and the publication of the research findings. All data were collected and reported in an anonymous form, and no identifiable personal information is included in this publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.