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Article History

Received: 26 September 2025

Accepted: 20 February 2026

First Online: 24 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and the Research Management Office (RMO), University of Lagos Guidelines for Research Involving Human Participants. In line with the RMO guidelines, formal ethics committee approval is not required for minimal-risk studies involving anonymous and voluntary questionnaires with no identifiable or sensitive data collected. This study met those criteria. Informed electronic consent was obtained from all participants prior to participation. Participants were free to withdraw at any time without consequence, and all responses were anonymous and confidential. Informed written electronic consent was obtained from all participants. Before completing the questionnaire, respondents were presented with detailed information about the purpose of the study, confidentiality and anonymity, voluntary participation, and their right to withdraw at any time. Only participants who ticked the consent boxes proceeded to complete the survey.

: Not applicable. This study did not collect, store, or analyse any personal, identifying, or individual‑level data (including images, videos, audio, or direct quotations) that would require publication consent.

: The authors declare no competing interests.