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Article History

Received: 13 September 2025

Accepted: 3 March 2026

First Online: 10 March 2026

Declarations

:

: All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. This study was conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. According to the confirmation from the Research and Development Office of Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, in consultation with the Human Research Ethics Office of National Cheng Kung University, this study is exempt from ethical review. The study does not fall under the scope of human research as defined in Article 4, Chapter 1 of the Human Subjects Research Act in Taiwan.

: Not applicable

: The need for informed consent was waived by the Human Research Ethics Office of National Cheng Kung University and is deemed unnecessary according to Article 4, Chapter 1 of the Human Subjects Research Act in Taiwan, as the study utilized de-identified secondary data and involved no direct intervention.

: The authors declare no competing interests.