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Article History

Received: 15 July 2025

Accepted: 3 March 2026

First Online: 6 March 2026

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. According to the Directive of the Interuniversity Council on Scientific Research and Publication Ethics and pursuant to Articles 11 and 24 of the Higher Education Law No. 2547, research involving human participants that does not constitute biomedical or other clinical studies, as well as research that does not harm animals or the ecological balance, is exempt from the legal requirements for formal ethics committee approval. Furthermore, in scientific studies involving surveys or attitude assessments conducted with participants over the age of 18, there is no ethical concern provided that informed consent is obtained and the results are reported without disclosing any personal data. Participants, including children, participated voluntarily with the informed consent of their parents/guardians and institutional authorities. The nature and purpose of the research were clearly explained before any involvement.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.