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Article History

Received: 11 August 2025

Accepted: 3 March 2026

First Online: 16 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the University of Rhode Island’s Institutional Review Board. Ethical approval for all study procedures—including participation by children and adult caregivers, data collection through digital interaction, cognitive interviews, and observational field notes—was obtained under IRBNet Protocol #2161584‑1. Informed consent was obtained from all adult participants, and caregivers provided consent on behalf of child participants prior to data collection. All participants were informed of the study purpose, voluntary nature of participation, confidentiality protections, and their right to withdraw at any time. Assent was obtained from children, as approved by IRB, in developmentally appropriate ways during the study sessions.

: No identifiable images or personal data are included in this manuscript. All photographs collected during testing were converted into non‑identifiable cartoon avatars and were not stored in recognizable form. Consent for the publication of de‑identified findings was obtained from adult participants and from caregivers of participating children.

: The authors declare no competing interests.