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Article History

Received: 1 June 2025

Accepted: 3 March 2026

First Online: 11 May 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was waived by Kyoto Sangyo University because this study involved anonymized student survey data and classroom observations conducted as part of routine teaching practice and course improvement. The research involved standard educational surveys and classroom observations that were part of normal instructional activities, and no identifiable personal data were collected. Participation in data collection was voluntary, student privacy was protected, and all procedures followed institutional policies and ethical standards for educational research. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant Japanese ethical guidelines. All participants provided informed consent prior to participation in this study. Students were informed that while completion of whiteboard activities was part of regular course requirements, participation in the research data collection (surveys and observations) was voluntary and would not affect their course grades or academic standing.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants for inclusion in the research study. Students were clearly informed about the research purpose, procedures, and their rights as participants.

: The authors declare no competing interests.