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Article History

Received: 3 November 2025

Accepted: 5 March 2026

First Online: 11 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with recognized ethical standards for research involving human participants. The research protocol was reviewed internally by Northern University’s Department of Management Ethics Committee, which confirmed that formal Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was not required as the study involved anonymous survey responses and non-sensitive professional communication data.

: All participants were informed about the study’s objectives and procedures before data collection. Participation was entirely voluntary, and informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. No participants under the age of 16 were involved.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.