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Article History

Received: 7 April 2025

Accepted: 10 March 2026

First Online: 22 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The Ethics Committee of the Rwanda TVET Board (RTB), the national body in charge of overseeing Technical Secondary Schools (TSS) and Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) establishments in Rwanda, formally approved this study involving human participants. Prior to the start of data collection, ethical clearance was obtained to guarantee adherence to recognized national and institutional research standards. Additionally, the administration of Nyamirama Technical Secondary School granted official permission for the study to be conducted there prior to participant access. All research procedures were carried out in accordance with applicable national regulations and institutional ethical guidelines, and the study adhered to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki for research involving human participants.

: Not applicable.

: Written Informed consent was secured from all trainees prior to their inclusion in the study. Participants were fully informed about the purpose of the research, the procedures involved, the voluntary nature of their participation, potential risks and benefits, and the measures implemented to ensure confidentiality. For the trainees under 16 years, written informed consent was also received from a parent or legal guardian, following ethical norms for the conduct of the study on minors. Participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any stage without consequences. All gathered data were anonymized, and no individually identifiable information is reported in this publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.