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Article History

Received: 8 September 2025

Accepted: 13 March 2026

First Online: 23 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This research did not require formal ethics approval because it involved no intervention on participants, did not collect any personally identifiable data, and was conducted with full confidentiality and voluntary consent from all respondents. The study received official permission from the West Sumatra Provincial Education Office through Letter No. 420/02.0.9/2621/PSMA&PSLB/DISDIK-2025, dated 29 July 2025, which authorized the conduct of the research in senior high schools across the province. The study was also undertaken within the formal collaboration framework between the Department of Educational Administration, Faculty of Education, Universitas Negeri Padang, and the West Sumatra Education Office, as regulated under the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU No. 4338/UN35.4/KS/2024 and No. 000.4.7.2/3012/Disdik-2024). This partnership covers joint activities in education, research, and community service for a five-year period. In addition, the research protocol was reviewed and exempted from formal ethical approval by the Research Ethics Committee of Universitas Negeri Padang, in accordance with the Institutional Research Ethics Guidelines and the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Therefore, no Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was required for this non-interventional study. All participants were fully informed about the purpose and procedures of the study and voluntarily provided their consent to participate.

: Participants agreed to the publication of anonymized data collected during the study, ensuring confidentiality and adherence to ethical principles. Not applicable. This research does not involve any personal data or identifiable images of participants.

: The authors declare no competing interests.