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Article History

Received: 25 July 2025

Accepted: 13 March 2026

First Online: 21 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the University of Dar es Salaam Research Committee Ref. No: AB3/12(B), In compliance with the government circular, Ref. No. MPEC/R/10/1 dated 4th July 1980, which mandated the Vice Chancellor of the University of Dar es Salaam to give research clearances to staff members and students of the University of Dar es Salaam on behalf of the government and the Tanzania Commission of Science and Technology (COSTECH). The research was conducted in line with the University’s guidelines applicable when human participants are involved. All participants gave their informed consent for inclusion before they participated in the study. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki, which are applicable when human participants are involved. Both authors have seen and approved the final version of this manuscript and it has not been published elsewhere or submitted simultaneously to any other journal for consideration.

: Not applicable.

: The study included Form four and Form two students both over and under the age of 16. Informed consent was obtained from both the adult participants and the guardian(s) of all under-16s.

: The authors declare no competing interests.