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Article History

Received: 11 August 2025

Accepted: 16 March 2026

First Online: 19 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the University of Rwanda, College of Education Research Ethics Committee. Permission to conduct the study was also granted by the Kamonyi District Education Office and the head teachers of the participating schools. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and the University of Rwanda’s research ethics guidelines. Before data collection, All participants were informed about the purpose of the study, assured of confidentiality, voluntary participation. Additionally, informed written consent to participate in this study was obtained from all participants. For participants below the age of 18, it was obtained from their parents and/or legal guardians. All participants were assured confidentiality, anonymity, and the voluntary nature of their participation.

: The authors confirm that participants or their legal guardians gave explicit written consent for the publication of anonymized data and information collected during the study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.