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Article History

Received: 5 January 2025

Accepted: 17 March 2026

First Online: 5 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Research and Community Service Institute ( Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat, LPPM ) Universitas Jambi, Indonesia (Approval No. 76/UN21.11/PT.00/2024, dated 4 Januari 2024). All procedures followed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable. Participants were fully informed about the aims, procedures, and voluntary nature of the study prior to data collection. Freely-given, informed consent was obtained from all participants before their participation. All data were anonymized, and no identifiable personal information is reported in this article.

: Participants were fully informed about the aims, procedures, and voluntary nature of the study prior to data collection. Freely-given, informed consent was obtained from all participants before their participation. All data were anonymized, and no identifiable personal information is reported in this article.

: The authors declare no competing interests.