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Article History

Received: 12 October 2025

Accepted: 18 March 2026

First Online: 26 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines of Escuni Centro Universitario de Educación . The project received ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Escuni Centro Universitario de Educación . Informed consent was obtained from pre-service teacher participants prior to data collection. In addition, informed consent was obtained from the parents or legally authorized representatives of the primary school pupils who participated in the teaching sessions. Participants were informed of the study’s purpose, their voluntary participation, and the confidentiality of their responses.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.