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Teacher-student rapport and its association with engagement and motivation in a gamified English learning environment among adult female EFL learners at a higher education institution in Kuwait

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-026-01447-4

Published Online: 2026-04-07

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Ameen, Fahad https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5509-5874
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-04-07

Accepted Manuscript valid from 2026-04-07
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Article History

Received: 23 August 2025

Accepted: 1 April 2026

First Online: 7 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study received ethics approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Kuwait University, College of Education. No specific approval number was provided. The research was conducted following the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided their informed consent prior to their participation in this study. To protect anonymity, the questionnaire did not request names, student IDs, or contact details, and age was the only non-identifying background item included.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in this study.

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