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Authors
Rodriguez, Madeline
Shankar, Megha
Titer, KeAndrea
King, Zoe
O’Rourke, Paul
Artandi, Maja
Sateia, Heather
Kugler, John
Russell, Stephen W.
Berkenblit, Gail
Garibaldi, Brian T.
Baratta, Juliana
Veruttipong, Darlene
Zulman, Donna M.
Brown-Johnson, Cati
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
American Medical Association Reimagining Residency Initiative
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Article History
Received: 19 December 2024
Accepted: 2 April 2026
First Online: 22 May 2026
Declarations
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: The protocol was approved by the IRB of Stanford University in accordance with the United States Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 56 and 45 CFR 46 (#IRB-59090). All participants were informed of study aims and given the opportunity not to participate; all participants consented to participate in the study. We removed any identifying details from our data for analysis and publication; thus consent to publish was not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: BTG reports being a board member of the Society of Bedside Medicine. BTG received consulting fees from Gilead, Atea and Janssen and holds stock options in ARIScience. All other authors (MR, MS, KT, ZK, PO, MA, HS, JK, SR, GB, JB, DV, DZ, CBJ) report no other conflicts.
