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Article History

Received: 3 November 2025

Accepted: 6 April 2026

First Online: 9 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This study did not involve human participants, human data, or human biological materials. The research relied solely on AI-generated responses to publicly available physics questions. The experts who evaluated the AI-generated responses did not act as research participants and did not provide any personal or identifiable information; they only offered professional evaluative feedback. According to the guidelines of the Eskişehir Osmangazi University Social and Humanities Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee , expert-consultation–based studies are exempt from formal ethical approval, and the requirement for ethical approval is formally waived for this type of research. Therefore, no ethical approval was required for this study. All procedures performed in this study were conducted in accordance with relevant ethical guidelines and regulations.

: Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants, and expert feedback was anonymized.

: Informed consent was obtained from all experts who voluntarily contributed evaluation feedback to this study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.