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Article History

Received: 19 September 2025

Accepted: 9 April 2026

First Online: 16 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Kongju National University Graduate School (Registration Number: Kongju-2022-PhD-0121; Document No. 574) in accordance with the university’s ethical guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki for research involving human participants. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to participation. For participants under the age of 16, informed consent was also obtained from their parents or legally authorized representatives. All participants, their parents or legally authorized representatives, and the school principals were fully informed of the purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits of the study prior to providing consent. In addition, institutional consent was obtained through the school administration from the principals of their schools, who acted as legally authorized representatives. Participation was entirely voluntary, and confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained.

: Not applicable.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the study. For participants under the age of 16, informed consent was also obtained from their parents or legally authorized representatives. The purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, and voluntary nature of the study were clearly explained to all participants, their parents or legally authorized representatives, and the principals of their schools prior to providing consent.

: The authors declare no competing interests.