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Article History

Received: 2 October 2025

Accepted: 24 April 2026

First Online: 5 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted at a Thai secondary school, Kamnoetvidya Science Academy, which permitted educational research activities as part of classroom instruction. The school administration approved the study in accordance with institutional policies governing classroom-based research and student safety. At the time the research was conducted, the institution did not have a formal Institutional Review Board (IRB) or equivalent ethics committee. The research was carried out in accordance with the school’s research and safety policies and followed recognized ethical principles for research involving human participants, including those outlined in the Belmont Report, including respect for persons, beneficence, and justice, and adhered to principles of voluntary participation, anonymity, and confidentiality. The study involved minor participants. Informed consent was obtained from all participating students and from their parents or legal guardians prior to participation. Participants were informed about the purpose of the study, that participation was voluntary, and that they could withdraw at any time without negative consequences.

: Participants and their parents or legal guardians were informed and consented to the use of anonymized data collected from the study for academic research and publication. All data reported in this study are anonymized and do not contain personally identifiable information.

: The authors declare no competing interests.