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Article History

Received: 20 February 2026

Accepted: 27 April 2026

First Online: 6 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The protocol for this study was reviewed by the adviser and panel members from the College of Education, Mindanao State University–Iligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT) and was granted a waiver of full ethical review due to its minimal-risk nature. The study involved anonymous survey data collection with no experimental intervention and no collection of sensitive personal information. The committee determined that the research met the criteria for waived approval in accordance with institutional research guidelines and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any identifiable individual person’s data in any form.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Participants were provided with detailed information regarding the purpose of the research, procedures involved, voluntary nature of participation, potential risks and benefits, confidentiality safeguards, and their right to withdraw at any time without academic penalty before completing the questionnaire.

: The authors declare no competing interests.