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Authors
Sulistyowati, Raya
Rakhmawati, Dwi Yuli
Listiadi, Agung
Ranu, Meylia Elizabeth
Prawesti, Marisa Intan
Maulia, Danis
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universitas Negeri Surabaya
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Article History
Received: 19 December 2025
Accepted: 4 May 2026
First Online: 25 May 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This research was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines and regulations of the Research Ethics Committee at Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (LPPM) Universitas Negeri Surabaya. Ethical clearance for this study was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Universitas Negeri Surabaya (approval number: B/179350/UN38.16/TU.00.09/2025, dated December 22, 2025).
Consent for publication: Not applicable. This study does not contain any individual person’s identifiable data in any form, including personal details, images, or videos.
Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in this study. Participants were provided with detailed information regarding the purpose of the study, research procedures, potential risks, and expected benefits prior to their participation. Participation was voluntary, and participants were informed that they could withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
