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Article History

Received: 28 December 2025

Accepted: 15 May 2026

First Online: 23 May 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Mount Kenya University Institutional Scientific and Ethics Review Committee (MKU ISERC Ref No. MKU/ISERC/5376). Research authorization was also granted by the National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI Permit No. NACOSTI/P/25/4177500). The study was conducted in accordance with the Mount Kenya University ethical guidelines for research involving human participants and the National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation research regulations. Informed consent to participate was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participation was voluntary, and participants were informed of the purpose of the study, their right to withdraw at any time without penalty, and the measures taken to ensure confidentiality and anonymity.

: Informed consent to participate and consent to publish were obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study. Participants were informed that the data collected would be used for research purposes and may be published in anonymized form, and no personally identifiable information is included in this manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.