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Article History

Received: 15 September 2025

Accepted: 15 May 2026

First Online: 28 May 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Technological Research (LIIT), National Technological Institute of Mexico, Jerez Campus (Approval No. TECNM-JZ-2024-03). The study was conducted in strict accordance with internationally recognized ethical standards and national regulations governing research involving human participants. Specifically, all procedures adhered to the principles established in the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association, 2013 revision), the International Ethical Guidelines for Health-related Research Involving Humans (CIOMS–WHO, 2016), the Belmont Report (U.S. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 1979), the International Council for Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice Guidelines (ICH-GCP, E6[R2]), and the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights (UNESCO, 2005). In addition, the study complied with the General Guidelines for Research Involving Human Participants issued by the Secretariat of Science, Humanities, Technology and Innovation (SCHyTI, 2024), in alignment with the Regulation of the General Health Law on Health Research (Mexico, 1987). Furthermore, the research followed the ethical and methodological standards promoted by the National System of Researchers (SNII), Area VI: Social Sciences (National Council of Humanities, Science and Technology – CONAHCYT, 2024). All participants were informed about the objectives, scope, and confidentiality conditions of the study and voluntarily provided their informed consent prior to participation. Every stage of the research respected human dignity, autonomy, privacy, and data protection principles. This article has been enhanced in its language and style using artificial intelligence to ensure clarity and precision in academic communication. All participants provided written informed consent prior to their participation in the study. Participation was entirely voluntary, and all individuals were informed about the objectives of the research, the confidentiality measures, and their right to withdraw at any time without any consequences. In this study, freely given and informed consent was obtained from all participants, in full accordance with institutional and international ethical standards. The study did not involve minors (under 16 years of age) or vulnerable populations, and the protection of participants’ rights, autonomy, and dignity was ensured at all times.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.