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Article History

Received: 3 December 2025

Accepted: 19 May 2026

First Online: 30 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Administrative Management Department of the collaborating rural high school, which served as the institutional oversight body in the absence of a formal Institutional Review Board (IRB). For the public online data collection component, the data were fully anonymized and publicly available without involving any personally identifiable information; therefore, formal ethical review was deemed not applicable under standard research guidelines (e.g., the Declaration of Helsinki for non-interventional studies). The protocol for the 13 semi-structured teacher interviews was reviewed and approved by the same administrative body. All 13 interview participants were fully informed about the study purpose, procedures, data usage, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequences. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to the interviews. All interview data were anonymized immediately after transcription, with the removal of personal identifiers such as names and specific school details to safeguard participant privacy.

: Not applicable. No individual participant data that could identify persons are presented in this manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.