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Authors
Hatef Jalil, Marzie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0119-0531
Abdullah, Johari https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9604-3459
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
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Article History
Received: 19 March 2026
Accepted: 12 June 2026
First Online: 15 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Applied and Creative Arts, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS). The research procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines and regulations of Universiti Malaysia Sarawak and followed internationally accepted standards for research involving human participants. Informed consent was obtained from all participants before they participated in the study. Participants were informed about the purpose of the research, and their participation was voluntary and anonymous.
Consent for publication: Informed consent for publication of anonymised data and research findings was obtained from all participants involved in the study. Participants were informed that the collected data would be used for academic publication purposes.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
