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Article History

Received: 24 January 2026

Accepted: 16 June 2026

First Online: 19 June 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was conducted in accordance to the ethical standards for research involving human subjects. Formal ethical clearance and approval was obtained from the Departmental Research and Innovation Ethics Committee of the Science Education department Federal University Oye-Ekiti. The RIEC approval was granted on 24th of March, 2025, with RIEC number RIEC/FUOYE/SED/RES/007. At the commencement of data collection, participants were briefed about the purpose of the study, and informed consent was obtained before data collection. Participation was voluntary, and respondents were allowed to refrain from answering questions they were not comfortable with and withdraw at any stage of the study without consequence. All data were anonymized and stored securely. Parental informed consent was obtained for students who participated in this study. All participants provided voluntary, informed consent to participate in this study after being fully informed of its purpose, procedures, and their rights as participants. The participants were assured of confidentiality, anonymity, and their right to withdraw from the study at any stage without consequence.

Consent for publication: All participants consented to the use of their anonymized data for academic research report purposes; hence, individual identifiable data are not included in this manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.