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Article History

Received: 28 December 2025

Accepted: 16 July 2026

First Online: 27 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia, under Approval No. 3101/UN36.11/TU/2025. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the approving institutional committee, the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments, and applicable institutional and national regulations governing research involving human participants. Administrative permission to conduct the research was also obtained from the South Sulawesi Provincial Government Investment and One Stop Integrated Services Agency under Reference No. 16740/S.01/PTSP/2025 and the Makassar City Education Office under Reference No. 000.9/7/Disdik/VIII/2025. Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of all student participants before their participation in the study. Assent was also obtained from the student participants. Participation was voluntary, and the participants and their parents or legal guardians were informed about the purpose and procedures of the study, the confidentiality of the collected information, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Informed consent was also obtained from all participating teachers.

Consent for publication: The manuscript does not contain identifiable personal data, identifiable images, or other information that could reveal the identity of an individual participant. Therefore, specific consent to publish identifiable information was not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.